So if you have been linking my vids to your curriculum or simply have bookmarked certain videos, youll notice that they will now take you to the front page instead. It may come as a surprise to some, but not all of my possessions are uberpractical. Some commemorate my travels, give me pleasure to look at, or remind me of how I. How Are We Different Let Us Count the Ways by William M. Liu, Ph. D. Learning Objectives. This. is a beginning to intermediate level course. After completing this course. Discuss. why multicultural competency is important. Explain. the roles of self assessment and self awareness and their relationship to. Describe. the major dimensions of marginalization and oppression. Discuss. identity and worldview frameworks. Explain. acculturation and its importance in diverse communities. The. materials in this course are based on the most accurate information available. The areas of multiculturalism and. New information. research, and theories are continuously being developed and published, hence. The course content. Outline. Introduction. Why Multiculturalism and Multicultural Competencies. Historical Imperatives for Multiculturalism Diversity and Multiculturalism Prejudice Discrimination, Stereotypes, Power, and Racism. Complicating Multicultural Education and Training Multiculturalism, Self, and Other. Multicultural Competencies. Multicultural Competencies Overview. Knowledge Awareness Skills Example Multicultural Competency Research Race, Ethnicity, and Culture. Definitions. How to Make Use of Race in Multicultural Counseling. The Therapy Relationship Transference Configuration The Real Relationship The Working Alliance Multicultural Application of the Therapeutic Relationship. Racial Identity. Racial Identity Model Ascribed and Subscribed Identity Case Example. Acculturation and EnculturationIsms. Racism and Ethnocentrism Sexism Classism Homophobia Heterosexism Internalized isms Micro aggressions Worldviews. Value Systems Individualism and Collectivism High and Low Context Communication Other Types of Identity Models and Cultural Frameworks. Gender Role Conflict Social Class Worldview Model Revised Case Example Critiques of Multiculturalism. September 3, 2010 MacGillycuddy, from the 1640s to Napoleon Donogh MacGillycuddy of the Reekss recovery of his estate owed something to the fact that he was abroad. Delivery startup DoorDash is giving away free Half Moon Cookies between 2 and 4 p. August 21, in New York City, the Bay Area, Los Angeles, Boston. Ipod Possessions 2010' title='Ipod Possessions 2010' />A Basic Misunderstanding of Multiculturalism in the Helping Professions. References Introduction. In. my multicultural competencies course for graduate students, I used to start the. Is there a difference between. Background and aims The primary objective of the present study was to investigate which cellphone activities are associated with cellphone addiction. Luke 10111, 1620 If any of you have traveled by airplane recently you may have witnessed the new travel game that people are playing. Its called. The natural question which followed was, it depends. Among helping professionals, being immersed in the literature and competencies. As a multiculturally competent. I can usually tease out the subtle biases and value systems of. We discuss these. So. for we helping professionals, there is a difference between a helping. But. another necessary question was the perspective of the client. Does the client. see a difference and would the client care of these differences If the. The answer is that multicultural competencies are more. It is unfair for critics to say. Multicultural competencies are not just additive. Multicultural competencies are critical to the therapeutic. Just as much as one. The research and scholarship on multicultural competencies and orientations toward diversity and multiculturalism generally show that helping professionals who are culturally competent and who address diversity issues e. Smith Trimble, 2. Certainly there are many factors contributing to positive therapy outcomes such as the therapists perceived competency, ability to develop a working alliance and relationship, and the clients motivation and participation, but generally the results of several meta analyses suggests positive relationships between multicultural competency and client perceptions. The better able a therapist or helping professional is able to address diversity and multicultural factors in counseling, the better the therapist is also able to reconcile tensions and conflicts in the relationship that may arise from diverse worldviews, and the more likely the client will not only stay in therapy but benefit from counseling Smith Trimble, 2. In. the end, I stopped offering this question because it engenders a false. Good helping professionals are ones who are theoretically competent. Multicultural. competencies are part of every step of the therapy process. From intake, to. assessment, to building the relationship, to interventions, to assessment, to. The need for multicultural competencies is present from the first. For. instance, imagine being a male therapist walking into the waiting area to greet. The new client happens to be a Muslim woman wearing a hijab head. What can the therapist assume about the client and what may he not. Even more simply, may the therapist shake hands with the woman Ali. Liu, Humeidan, 2. And if a mistake were to take place, is it. Liu Pope Davis, 2. How might this misstep be addressed in a culturally congruent manner Finally. Multicultural competencies are implicated as. Why Multiculturalism and Multicultural Competencies. Counseling. is about the ways in which we help people tell their lives. Over repeated. telling, we learn the narrative and arcs of the lived experiences. Counselors. and other helping professionals are involved in working with clients to tell. Simple in some ways, but as. Multicultural. competencies are involved in every step of the helping professionals role and. Multicultural competencies are not necessarily a distinct. Similar to the stages of change wherein all clients may be regarded as. Prochaska amp. Di. Clemente, 2. 00. 5, multicultural competencies are meant to be considerations. How. might one create better relationships with the client How might interventions. How might the working alliance be. In all of these questions, the helping professional should be assessing. Multicultural competencies and orientations are also helpful for the counselor in developing a greater awareness of oneself and oneself as a cultural being in an interaction with another cultural being. Simply stated, multiculturalism also provides the counselor with a framework to better understand cultural issues that may impact the therapy relationship. For instance, a client may not even be aware of herhis racial bias against working with an African American counselor. Instead, the client may use proxy terms to discuss herhis dissatisfaction or resistance to therapy such as questions about qualifications, payment, or experience. For the counselor some of these concerns may be explained by therapeutic resistance and also the clients racism. The counselor benefits from a dual exploration of these issues with the client. Multicultural. competencies are transtheoretical and so are not an explicit theory of. There is no one. multicultural theory that posits a framework for the development of. But multicultural competencies are implicated in the ways that. For example, if we were to examine paranoia. For some. African American men, a healthy paranoia may be a survival instinct and. African. American completing a personality inventory may express elevated scores on. Majors Billson, 1. Thus. multicultural competencies represent conditions and considerations that the. These. considerations are meaningful in face to face contact but also are important. Historical Imperatives for Multiculturalism. The. history of how multiculturalism became mainstream in the helping professions. Starting with the question of why. Smith Trimble, 2. Along with these. United States. Suffice it to say that if the helping professions resist adapting our science. Iijima Hall, 1. 99. Changing. racial and ethnic demographics have been an important impetus toward changing. Many have already heard various. White racial majority is likely to. CNN, 2. 00. 8. Much of the coloring of the United States. Latinos as well as other racial groups such as Asian Americans. Although it is true that racial ethnic minority. U. S. Women, gays and. Their numbers may have been different, but their presence. Watch Migration Cartoon Online. American history since there was an America to write about. The problem for many of these minority groups has been recognition. The cultural context for much of American. Harris, 1. 99. 3. Cell phone activities and addiction among male and female college students. Marketing Department, Hankamer School of Business, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA2. Department of Economics and Business Administration, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain. Department of Marketing, Williams College of Business, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH, USACorresponding author. Corresponding author James A. Roberts, Marketing Department, Hankamer School of Business, Baylor University, Waco, TX 7. USA Phone 1 2. Fax 1 2. E mail ude. rolyabstrebormij. Received 2. 01. 3 Aug 2. Revised 2. 01. 4 Jun 2 Accepted 2. Jun 7. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract. Background and aims The primary objective of the present study was to investigate which cell phone activities are associated with cell phone addiction. No research to date has studied the full range of cell phone activities, and their relationship to cell phone addiction, across male and female cell phone users. Methods College undergraduates N 1. Participants completed the questionnaire as part of their class requirements. The questionnaire took 1. Results Findings revealed cell phone activities that are associated significantly with cell phone addiction e. Instagram, Pinterest, as well as activities that one might logically assume would be associated with this form of addiction but are not e. Internet use and Gaming. Cell phone activities that drive cell phone addiction CPA were found to vary considerably across male and female cell phone users. Although a strong social component drove CPA for both males and females, the specific activities associated with CPA differed markedly. Conclusions CPA amongst the total sample is largely driven by a desire to connect socially. The activities found to be associated with CPA, however, differed across the sexes. As the functionality of cell phones continues to expand, addiction to this seemingly indispensable piece of technology becomes an increasingly realistic possibility. Future research must identify the activities that push cell phone use beyond its tipping point where it crosses the line from a helpful tool to one that undermines our personal well being and that of others. Keywords cell phones, addiction, gender, technology. INTRODUCTIONAmericans have had a long held fascination with technology. This fascination continues unabated into the 2. US consumers are spending an ever increasing amount of time with technology Griffiths, 1. Brenner, 2. 01. 2 Roberts Pirog, 2. First, it was the radio, then the telephone and the TV, followed quickly by the Internet. The current day fascination with the cell phone e. Griffiths, 2. 00. Nowhere is this fascination with technology more intense than in young adults college students in particular Massimini Peterson, 2. Shambare, Rugimbana Zhowa, 2. College students commonly view their cell phone as an integral part of who they are, andor as an important extension of themselves Belk, 1. Present day cell phones are seen as critical in maintaining social relationships and conducting the more mundane exigencies of everyday life Junco Cole Avent, 2. Junco Cotton, 2. Many young adults today cannot envision an existence without cell phones. Research suggests that media use has become such a significant part of student life that it is invisible and students do not necessarily realize their level of dependence on andor addiction to their cell phones Moeller, 2. A large scale survey of 2,5. US college students found that respondents reported spending one hour and 4. Facebook Junco, 2. And, 6. 0 percent of US college students admit that they may be addicted to their cell phone Mc. Allister, 2. 01. 1. This increasing dependence on cell phones coincides with the recent emergence of the Smart Phone. Sixty seven percent of young adults 1. Smart Phone compared to 5. Cell phones are quickly replacing the lap top or desk top computer as the preferred method of accessing the Internet. A full 5. 6 percent of Internet users access the web via their cell phones. This figure has nearly doubled from only three years ago. Seventy seven percent of 1. Internet PEW Internet Mobile, 2. An increasing reliance on cell phones among young adults and college students may signal the evolution of cell phone use from a habit to an addiction. Although the concept of addiction has multiple definitions, traditionally it has been described as the repeated use of a substance despite the negative consequences suffered by the addicted individual Alavi et al., 2. More recently, the notion of addiction has been generalized to include behaviors like gambling, sex, exercise, eating, Internet, and cell phone use Griffiths, 1. Roberts Pirog, 2. Any entity that can produce a pleasurable sensation has the potential of becoming addictive Alavi et al., 2. Similar to substance addiction, behavioral addiction is best understood as a habitual drive or compulsion to continue to repeat a behavior despite its negative impact on ones well being Roberts Pirog, 2. Any oft repeated behavior that triggers specific reward effects through biochemical processes in the body do have an addictive potential Alavi et al., 2. Loss of control over the behavior is an essential element of any addiction. Griffiths 1. 99. Griffiths, 2. As alluded to above, cell phone addiction appears to be the latest technological addiction to emerge. As the cost of cell phone use drops and the functionality of these devices expands, cell phones have ensconced themselves into the everyday lives of consumers around the globe. Behavioral addictions, according to Griffiths 1. Based on research aimed at better understanding cell phone addiction, Shambare et al. Importantly, cell phone addiction does not happen overnight, and, like most forms of behavioral addiction, occurs via a process Martin et al., 2. Addiction often begins with seemingly benign behavior i. Internet andor cell phone use, etc. Grover et al., 2. Desarbo Edwards 1. The high experienced when shopping may slowly morph into a chronic coping strategy in the face of stress and compel the affected individual to shop and spend money in an attempt to ease discomfort. In the case of cell phones, such an addiction may begin when an initially benign behavior with little or no harmful consequences such as owning a cell phone for safety purposes begins to evoke negative consequences and the user becomes increasingly dependent upon its use. Owning a cell phone for purposes of safety, for instance, eventually becomes secondary to sending and receiving text messages or visiting online social networking sites eventually, the cell phone user may engage in increasingly dangerous behaviors such as texting while driving. Ultimately, the cell phone user reaches a tipping point where heshe can no longer control their cell phone use or the negative consequences from its over use. The process of addiction suggests a distinction between liking and wanting. In other words, the cell phone user goes from liking hisher cell phone to wanting it. This switch from liking to wanting is referred to by Grover et al. This tipping point signals a shift from a previously benign everyday behavior that may have been pleasurable with few harmful consequences to an addictive behavior where wanting physically andor psychologically has replaced liking as the motivating factor behind the behavior.